GATE Geology and Geophysics Syllabus:
Part A: Common Section
Earth and Planetary system - size, shape, internal structure
and composition of the earth; concept of isostasy; elements of seismology –
body and surface waves, propagation of body waves in the earth’s interior;
Gravitational field of the Earth; geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; continental
drift; plate tectonics – relationship with earthquakes, volcanism and
mountain building; continental and oceanic crust
–
composition, structure and thickness.
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Weathering and soil formation; landforms created by river, wind, glacier, ocean and volcanoes. Basic structural geology - stress, strain and material response; brittle and ductile deformation; nomenclature and classification of folds and faults. Crystallography – basic crystal symmetry and concept of point groups. Mineralogy – silicate crystal structure and determinative mineralogy of common rock forming minerals. Petrology – mineralogy and classification of common igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Geological time scale - geochronology and absolute time. Stratigraphic principles; major stratigraphic divisions of India. Geological and geographical distribution of mineral, coal and petroleum resources of India.
Introduction
to remote sensing. Engineering properties of rocks and soils. Ground water
geology.
Principles and applications of
gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, seismic and radiometric methods
of prospecting for oil, mineral and ground water; introductory well logging.
Part B (Section-1): Geology
Geomorphic processes and agents; development and evolution
of landforms; slope and drainage; processes in deep oceanic and near-shore
regions; quantitative and applied geomorphology.
Mechanism of rock deformation;
primary and secondary structures; geometry and genesis of folds, faults, joints
and unconformities; cleavage, schistosity and lineation; methods of projection;
tectonites and their significance; shear zones; superposed folding;
basement-cover relationship.
Crystallography - symmetry, forms and twinning; crystal
chemistry; optical mineralogy, classification of minerals, diagnostic physical
and optical properties of rock - forming minerals.
Cosmic abundance of elements; meteorites; geochemical
evolution of the earth; geochemical cycles; distribution of major, minor and
trace elements in crust and mantle; elements of geochemical thermodynamics; is
otope geochemistry; geochemistry of waters including solution equilibria and
water-rock interaction.
Igneous rocks – classification,
forms and textures; magmatic differentiation; binary and ternary phase
diagrams; major and trace elements as monitors of partial melting and magma
evolutionary processes. Sedimentary rocks – texture and structure; sedimentary
processes and environments, sedimentary facies, provencance and basin analysis.
Metamorphic rocks – structures and textures.
Physico-chemical conditions of
metamorphism and concept of metamorphic facies, grade and baric types;
metamorphism of pelitic, mafic and impure carbonate rocks; role of fluids in
metamorphism; metamorphic P-T-t paths and their tectonic significance.
Association of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with tectonic
setting. Igneous and metamorphic provinces and important sedimentary basins of
India.
Morphology, classification and geological significance of
important invertebrates, vertebrates, plant fossils and microfossils.
Principles of Stratigraphy and concepts of correlation –
lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. Indian stratigraphy
– Precambrian and Phanerozoic. Overview of Himalayan Geology.
Ore-mineralogy and optical properties of ore minerals; ore
forming processes vis-à- vis ore-rock association (magmatic, hydrothermal,
sedimentary, supergene and metamorphogenic ores); fluid inclusions as an ore
genetic tool. Coal and petroleum geology; marine mineral resources. Prospecting
and exploration of economic mineral deposits - sampling, ore reserve
estimation, geostatistics, mining methods. Ore dressing and mineral economics.
Origin and distribution of mineral, fossil and nuclear fuel deposits in India.
Engineering properties of rocks and soils; rocks as
construction materials; role of geology in the construction of engineering
structures including dams, tunnels and excavation sites; natural hazards.
Ground water geology – exploration, well hydraulics and water quality. Basic
principles of remote sensing
– energy sources and radiation
principles, atmospheric absorption, interaction of energy with earth’s surface,
aerial-photo interpretation, multispectral remote sensing in visible, infrared,
thermal IR and microwave regions, digital
processing of satellite images. GIS – basic concepts, raster and vector mode
operations.
Part B (Section-2): Geophysics
The earth as a planet; different motions of the earth; gravity
field of the earth, Clairaut’s theorem, size and shape of earth; geomagnetic
field, paleomagnetism; Geothermics and heat flow; seismology and interior of
the earth; variation of density, velocity, pressure, temperature, electrical
and magnetic properties of the earth; earthquakes-causes and measurements,
magnitude and intensity, focal mechanisms, earthquake quantification, source
characteristics, seismotectonics and seismic hazards; digital seismographs,
Scalar and vector potential
fields; Laplace, Maxwell and Helmholtz equations for solution of different
types of boundary value problems in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar
coordinates; Green’s theorem; Image theory; integral equations in potential
theory; Eikonal equation and Ray theory.
Absolute and relative gravity measurements; Gravimeters,
Land, airborne, shipborne and bore-hole gravity surveys; various corrections
for gravity data reduction – free air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies; density
estimates of rocks; regional and residual gravity separation; principle of
equivalent stratum; data enhancement techniques, upward and downward
continuation; derivative maps, wavelength filtering; preparation and analysis
of gravity maps; gravity anomalies and their interpretation – anomalies due to
geometrical and irregular shaped bodies, depth rules, calculation of mass.–
Elements of Earth’s magnetic field, units of measurement, magnetic
susceptibility of rocks and measurements, magnetometers, Land, airborne and
marine magnetic surveys, Various corrections applied to magnetic data, IGRF,
Reduction to Pole transformation, Poisson’s relation of gravity and magnetic
potential field, preparation of magnetic maps, upward and downward
continuation, magnetic anomalies-geometrical shaped bodies, depth estimates,
Image processing concepts in p rocessing of magnetic anomaly maps;
Interpretation of processed magnetic anomaly data. Applications of gravity and
magnetic methods for mineral and oil exploration.
Conduction of electricity through rocks, electrical
conductivities of metals, non- metals, rock forming minerals and different
rocks, concepts of D.C. resistivity measurement, various electrode
configurations for resistivity sounding and profiling, application of filter
theory, Type-curves over multi-layered structures, Dar-Zarrouck parameters,
reduction of layers, coefficient of anisotropy, interpretation of resistivity
field data, equivalence and suppression, self-potential and its origin, field
measurement, Induced polarization, time and frequency domain IP measurements;
interpretation and applications of IP, ground-water exploration, mineral
exploration, environmental and engineering applications.
Basic concept of EM induction in the earth, Skin-depth,
elliptic polarization, in phase and quadrature components, Various EM methods,
measurements in different source-receiver configurations,. Earth’s natural
electromagnetic field, tellurics, magneto-tellurics; geomagnetic depth sounding
principles, electromagnetic profiling, Time domain EM method, EM scale modeling,
processing of EM data and interpretation. Geological applications including
groundwater, mineral and hydrocarbon exploration.
Seismic methods of prospecting; Elastic properties of earth
materials; Reflection, refraction and CDP surveys; land and marine seismic
sources, generation and propagation of elastic waves, velocity – depth models,
geophones, hydrophones, recording instruments (DFS), digital formats, field
layouts, seismic noises and noise profile analysis, optimum geophone grouping,
noise cancellation by shot and geophone arrays, 2D and 3D seismic data
acquisition, processing and interpretation; CDP stacking charts, binning,
filtering, dip-moveout, static and dynamic corrections, Digital seismic data
processing, seismic deconvolution and migration methods, attribute analysis,
bright and dim spots, seismic stratigraphy, high resolution seismics, VSP, AVO.
Reservoir geophysics.
Geophysical signal processing, sampling theorem, aliasing,
Nyquist frequency, Fourier series, periodic waveform, Fourier and Hilbert
transform, Z-transform and wavelet transform; power spectrum, delta function,
auto correlation, cross correlation, convolution, deconvolution, principles of
digital filters, windows, poles and zeros.
Principles and techniques of geophysical well-logging, SP,
resistivity, induction, gamma ray, neutron, density, sonic, temperature, dip
meter, caliper, nuclear magnetic, cement bond logging, micro-logs. Quantitative
evaluation of formations from well logs; well hydraulics and application of geophysical methods for groundwater study;
application of bore hole geophysics in ground water, mineral and oil
exploration.
Radioactive methods of prospecting and assaying of mineral
(radioactive and non radioactive) deposits, half-life, decay constant,
radioactive equilibrium, G M counter, scintillation detector, semiconductor
devices, application of radiometric for exploration, assaying and radioactive
waste disposal.
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